Add Finish on synchronous instruments

[MrAlias]

Supersedes #7541

WIP/POC implementation to support open-telemetry/opentelemetry-specification#2232

[codecov]

Codecov Report

❌ Patch coverage is 91.61677% with 14 lines in your changes missing coverage. Please review.
✅ Project coverage is 81.7%. Comparing base (aff375a) to head (4f81ca7).

Files with missing lines	Patch %	Lines
sdk/metric/internal/aggregate/histogram.go	76.4%	3 Missing and 1 partial ⚠️
sdk/metric/internal/aggregate/lastvalue.go	83.3%	3 Missing and 1 partial ⚠️
sdk/metric/internal/aggregate/sum.go	83.3%	3 Missing and 1 partial ⚠️
sdk/metric/internal/aggregate/atomic.go	93.3%	1 Missing ⚠️
...metric/internal/aggregate/exponential_histogram.go	93.3%	1 Missing ⚠️

Additional details and impacted files

@@          Coverage Diff           @@
##            main   #8050    +/-   ##
======================================
  Coverage   81.6%   81.7%            
======================================
  Files        304     304            
  Lines      23425   23558   +133     
======================================
+ Hits       19130   19248   +118     
- Misses      3907    3919    +12     
- Partials     388     391     +3     

Files with missing lines	Coverage Δ
internal/global/instruments.go	57.4% <100.0%> (+6.2%)	⬆️
metric/instrument.go	100.0% <100.0%> (ø)
metric/noop/noop.go	100.0% <100.0%> (ø)
metric/syncfloat64.go	100.0% <ø> (ø)
metric/syncint64.go	100.0% <ø> (ø)
sdk/metric/instrument.go	97.8% <100.0%> (+0.2%)	⬆️
sdk/metric/internal/aggregate/aggregate.go	100.0% <100.0%> (ø)
sdk/metric/meter.go	92.1% <100.0%> (ø)
sdk/metric/internal/aggregate/atomic.go	88.8% <93.3%> (+0.6%)	⬆️
...metric/internal/aggregate/exponential_histogram.go	97.1% <93.3%> (-0.3%)	⬇️
... and 3 more

... and 2 files with indirect coverage changes

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[MrAlias]

SIG meeting feedback:

• It would likely be useful to users if they can provide an allow/deny list of attributes
• In the SDK we likely want to mark "finished" and make the final export of that data (tombstoning with appropriate re-up if users restart within the cycle).
• This will cumulative start-time update is needed. @dashpole will look to add that separately in another PR behind a feature gate.