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4D parallelism = combining four strategies to train massive models across many GPUs:
- Data parallelism – split data batches across GPUs.
- Tensor parallelism – split large weight matrices across GPUs.
- Pipeline parallelism – split model layers into stages across GPUs.
- Sequence/Expert parallelism – split token sequences (or experts in MoE) across GPUs.
Together, they balance memory + compute so trillion-parameter models can be trained efficiently