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VM state

The VM has one piece of global state: the symbol table, which maps from global variables to their values.

The VM has three piece of local state:

  • I: The instruction list.
  • E: The environment, an immutable array of closed-over values.
  • S: The stack, which stores temporary values and continuations.

Instructions

  • (push LIT): Pushes LIT onto S.

  • (pop): Pops one element from S and ignores it.

  • (access N): Pushes E[N] onto S.

  • (call N): Calls S[N] with S[N-1..0] as arguments.

  • (closure ARITY REST-PARAM INSTRS): Makes a closure and pushes it onto S.

  • (if THEN-INSTRS ELSE-INSTRS): Pops S. If result is true, proceeds to THEN-INSTRS; otherwise, proceeds to ELSE-INSTRS. Before proceeding, pushes a continuation.

  • (get-global NAME): Pushes the value of the global variable NAME onto D.

  • (set-global NAME): Sets the global variable NAME to S[0]. Does not pop S; its "return value" is what it has set NAME to.

Builtins

Builtin functions are implemented using a cheap trick. There are no special instructions for them. Rather, all of them except apply are just functions in the VM's host language. When a host function is "call"-ed in the VM, the VM just calls it in the host language.

The apply builtin is different. The global variable apply is bound to a implementation-defined value which the VM handles specially. (TODO: Explain why this needs to be special-cased to avoid recursively entering VM.)

Functions

Functions/closures are structures with four fields:

  • arity: number of parameters (excluding rest parameter)
  • has-rest-param: whether it has a rest parameter or not
  • env: list representing closed-over environment
  • code: the VM instruction list for the function's body

Continuations

We use a structure called a continuation to remember what to do after finishing a function or finishing one branch of an if instruction. A continuation has two fields:

  • instrs: The instruction-stream (I) to return to.
  • env: The environment (E) to restore.

The env field is only needed when returning from a function, not when finishing an if instruction, but it is simpler to have only one form of a continuation.

Environments

Our environment records our closed-over variables. Variables are accessed by index, so variable names are not needed in the VM. These indices correspond roughly to DeBruijn indices. TODO: Explain DeBruijn indices.

However, there is the question of what order indices are assigned in a function of multiple arguments:

(fn (x y) (list x y))

In (list x y), what indices do x and y have?

Currently, I give x index 0 and y index 1. This is the opposite of what a traditional "currying" implementation of multiple-argument functions would do. I actually wrote the VM this way by accident; I may change it later.

For clarity, here is an example:

(fn (a b) ((fn (x y) (list a b x y)) a b))

If we replace variables by their indices, this corresponds to:

(fn (_ _) ((fn (_ _) (list 2 3 0 1)) 0 1))