Upgrade faer to the latest version (Qiskit#15059)

* Upgrade faer to the latest version

This commit updates faer to the latest version 0.23.1. This also
requires an update to faer-ext as the two crates are tightly coupled.
The faer-ext version bump does depend on the latest nalgebra release
when the nalgebra conversion feature is enabled. However, the latest
nalgebra release requires a newer rust version than our MSRV and we
can't upgrade to it. To workaround this issue, this commit adds
conversion functions to convert between the types by reference with no
copies. For the faer->nalgebra this is basically just an inlining of
what faer-ext does, but for nalgebra->faer it goes through ndarray
(since we already have that).

* Bump to newer bugfix

* Bump private-gemm-x86

* Bump private-gemm-x86 again

* Update crates/synthesis/src/linalg/mod.rs

* Add explicit lifetime parameters to function signature

* Update safety comment for nalgebra_to_faer

* Update stride type conversion panic message

* Run cargo fmt

* Fix clippy failures too

* Add tests and docs for faer conversion function

There are some caveats around using the faer conversion function around
how nalgebra expects the memory layout to be setup. This documents them
to make it clear there is some care needed with the function.
Additionally, this commit adds some test coverage to the function so that
we are directly covering it and potentially running it under miri (I'm
not actually sure if this will work under miri, so we'll find out in CI
and go from there).

* Test something besides an identity matrix

* Skip miri on test_transpose_faer_to_nalgebra_conversion

This commit adds a skip on the
test_transpose_faer_to_nalgebra_conversion test when running under miri.
Miri is flagging undefined behavior in the nalgebra code which is
triggered by advancing the iterator's pointer outside the allocation.
This is because the nalgebra code is using the wrong pointer api for doing
the pointer addition. A PR has been proposed in dimforge/nalgebra#1562 to
fix this, but until that is merged and in a release Qiskit is using we
will need to skip miri on this test.

Author: mtreinish