(2026-01-25)
Fixed slow memory leak caused by identity by adding
Py_DECREFto identity value before leavingmd_pop_oneon success -- by :user:`Vizonex`.Related issues and pull requests on GitHub: :issue:`1284`.
(2025-10-05)
Updated tests and added CI for CPython 3.14 -- by :user:`kumaraditya303`.
Related issues and pull requests on GitHub: :issue:`1235`.
(2025-08-11)
Fixed
MutliDict&CIMultiDictmemory leak when deleting values or clearing them -- by :user:`Vizonex`Related issues and pull requests on GitHub: :issue:`1233`.
The type preciseness coverage report generated by MyPy is now uploaded to Coveralls and will not be included in the Codecov views going forward -- by :user:`webknjaz`.
Related issues and pull requests on GitHub: :issue:`1122`, :issue:`1231`.
Added memory leak test for popping or deleting attributes from a multidict to prevent future issues or bogus claims. -- by :user:`Vizonex`
Related issues and pull requests on GitHub: :issue:`1233`.
(2025-06-30)
Fixed inconsistencies generated by the C implementation of
_md_shrink()which might later lead to assertion failures and crash -- by :user:`Romain-Geissler-1A`.Related issues and pull requests on GitHub: :issue:`1229`.
(2025-06-28)
Fixed a memory corruption issue in the C implementation of
_md_shrink()that could lead to segmentation faults and data loss when items were deleted from a :class:`~multidict.MultiDict`. The issue was an edge case in the pointer arithmetic during the compaction phase -- by :user:`bdraco`.Related issues and pull requests on GitHub: :issue:`1221`, :issue:`1222`.
Fixed format string compilation errors in debug builds on 32-bit platforms by using portable
%zdformat specifiers forPy_ssize_tvalues instead of%ld-- by :user:`bdraco`.Related issues and pull requests on GitHub: :issue:`1225`, :issue:`1226`.
Re-enabled 32-bit Linux wheel builds that were disabled by default in cibuildwheel 3.0.0 -- by :user:`bdraco`.
Related issues and pull requests on GitHub: :issue:`1225`, :issue:`1227`.
(2025-06-28)
If :meth:`multidict.MultiDict.extend`, :meth:`multidict.MultiDict.merge`, or :meth:`multidict.MultiDict.update` raises an exception, now the multidict internal state is correctly restored. Patch by :user:`asvetlov`.
Related issues and pull requests on GitHub: :issue:`1215`.
Fixed
setuptoolsdeprecation warning about the license specification -- by :user:`asvetlov`.Related issues and pull requests on GitHub: :issue:`1216`.
Fix compiler warnings and convert them to errors -- by :user:`asvetlov`.
Related issues and pull requests on GitHub: :issue:`1217`.
(2025-06-27)
Added :meth:`multidict.MultiDict.merge` which copies all items from arguments if its key not exist in the dictionary -- by :user:`asvetlov`.
Related issues and pull requests on GitHub: :issue:`292`.
Stopped reallocating memory for the internal
htkeys_tstructure when inserting new items if the multidict has deleted items and it could be collapsed in-place. Removal ofmalloc()/free()improves the performance slightly.The change affects C implementation only, pure Python code is not changed.
Patch by :user:`asvetlov`.
Related issues and pull requests on GitHub: :issue:`1200`.
C implementation of :class:`multidict.MultiDict.getall` now is slightly faster if it returns nothing -- by :user:`asvetlov`.
Related issues and pull requests on GitHub: :issue:`1212`.
Replaced docstring for :meth:`multidict.MultiDict.update` to don't use RST/markdown markup.
Related issues and pull requests on GitHub: :issue:`1203`.
Improved documentation for :meth:`multidict.MultiDict.extend` and :meth:`multidict.MultiDict.update` -- by :user:`asvetlov`.
Related issues and pull requests on GitHub: :issue:`1205`.
When building wheels, the source distribution is now passed directly to the
cibuildwheelinvocation -- by :user:`webknjaz`.Related issues and pull requests on GitHub: :issue:`1199`.
Set up
PYTHONHASHSEEDfor benchmarks execution to make measured times stable -- by :user:`asvetlov`.Related issues and pull requests on GitHub: :issue:`1202`.
(2025-06-24)
Fixed a bug in C implementation when multidict is resized and it has deleted slots.
The bug was introduced by multidict 6.5.0 release.
Patch by :user:`asvetlov`.
Related issues and pull requests on GitHub: :issue:`1195`.
A pair of code formatters for Python and C have been configured in the pre-commit tool.
Related issues and pull requests on GitHub: :issue:`1123`.
Shorted fixture parametrization ids.
For example,
test_keys_view_xor[case-insensitive-pure-python-module]becomestest_keys_view_xor[ci-py]-- by :user:`asvetlov`.Related issues and pull requests on GitHub: :issue:`1192`.
The :file:`reusable-cibuildwheel.yml` workflow has been refactored to be more generic and :file:`ci-cd.yml` now holds all the configuration toggles -- by :user:`webknjaz`.
Related issues and pull requests on GitHub: :issue:`1193`.
(2025-06-17)
Note
The release was yanked because of :issue:`1195`, multidict 6.5.1 should be used instead.
Replace internal implementation from an array of items to hash table. algorithmic complexity for lookups is switched from O(N) to O(1).
The hash table is very similar to :class:`dict` from CPython but it allows keys duplication.
The benchmark shows 25-50% boost for single lookups, x2-x3 for bulk updates, and x20 for some multidict view operations. The gain is not for free: :class:`~multidict.MultiDict.add` and :class:`~multidict.MultiDict.extend` are 25-50% slower now. We consider it as acceptable because the lookup is much more common operation that addition for the library domain.
Related issues and pull requests on GitHub: :issue:`1128`.
Builds have been added for arm64 Windows wheels and the
reusable-build-wheel.ymltemplate has been modified to allow for an os value (windows-11-arm) which does not end with the-latestpostfix.Related issues and pull requests on GitHub: :issue:`1167`.
(2025-05-19)
Fixed a segmentation fault when calling :py:meth:`multidict.MultiDict.setdefault` with a single argument -- by :user:`bdraco`.
Related issues and pull requests on GitHub: :issue:`1160`.
Fixed a segmentation fault when attempting to directly instantiate view objects (
multidict._ItemsView,multidict._KeysView,multidict._ValuesView) -- by :user:`bdraco`.View objects now raise a proper :exc:`TypeError` with the message "cannot create '...' instances directly" when direct instantiation is attempted.
View objects should only be created through the proper methods: :py:meth:`multidict.MultiDict.items`, :py:meth:`multidict.MultiDict.keys`, and :py:meth:`multidict.MultiDict.values`.
Related issues and pull requests on GitHub: :issue:`1164`.
:class:`multidict.MultiDictProxy` was refactored to rely only on :class:`multidict.MultiDict` public interface and don't touch any implementation details.
Related issues and pull requests on GitHub: :issue:`1150`.
Multidict views were refactored to rely only on :class:`multidict.MultiDict` API and don't touch any implementation details.
Related issues and pull requests on GitHub: :issue:`1152`.
Dropped internal
_Implclass from pure Python implementation, both pure Python and C Extension follows the same design internally now.Related issues and pull requests on GitHub: :issue:`1153`.
(2025-04-10)
Fixed building the library in debug mode.
Related issues and pull requests on GitHub: :issue:`1144`.
Fixed custom
PyType_GetModuleByDef()when non-heap type object was passed.Related issues and pull requests on GitHub: :issue:`1147`.
Added the ability to build in debug mode by setting :envvar:`MULTIDICT_DEBUG_BUILD` in the environment -- by :user:`bdraco`.
Related issues and pull requests on GitHub: :issue:`1145`.
(2025-04-09)
Fixed a segmentation fault when creating subclassed :py:class:`~multidict.MultiDict` objects on Python < 3.11 -- by :user:`bdraco`.
The problem first appeared in 6.4.0
Related issues and pull requests on GitHub: :issue:`1141`.
(2025-04-09)
No significant changes.
(2025-04-09)
Fixed a memory leak creating new :class:`~multidict.istr` objects -- by :user:`bdraco`.
The leak was introduced in 6.3.0
Related issues and pull requests on GitHub: :issue:`1133`.
Fixed reference counting when calling :py:meth:`multidict.MultiDict.update` -- by :user:`bdraco`.
The leak was introduced in 4.4.0
Related issues and pull requests on GitHub: :issue:`1135`.
Switched C Extension to use heap types and the module state.
Related issues and pull requests on GitHub: :issue:`1125`.
Started building armv7l wheels -- by :user:`bdraco`.
Related issues and pull requests on GitHub: :issue:`1127`.
(2025-04-03)
Resolved a memory leak by ensuring proper reference count decrementation -- by :user:`asvetlov` and :user:`bdraco`.
Related issues and pull requests on GitHub: :issue:`1121`.
(2025-04-01)
Fixed keys not becoming case-insensitive when :class:`multidict.CIMultiDict` is created by passing in a :class:`multidict.MultiDict` -- by :user:`bdraco`.
Related issues and pull requests on GitHub: :issue:`1112`.
Fixed the pure Python version mutating the original :class:`multidict.MultiDict` when creating a new :class:`multidict.CIMultiDict` from an existing one when keyword arguments are also passed -- by :user:`bdraco`.
Related issues and pull requests on GitHub: :issue:`1113`.
Prevented crashing with a segfault when :func:`repr` is called for recursive multidicts and their proxies and views.
Related issues and pull requests on GitHub: :issue:`1115`.
(2025-03-31)
Set operations for
KeysViewandItemsViewof case-insensitive multidicts and their proxies are processed in case-insensitive manner.Related issues and pull requests on GitHub: :issue:`965`.
Rewrote :class:`multidict.CIMultiDict` and it proxy to always return :class:`multidict.istr` keys.
istris derived from :class:`str`, thus the change is backward compatible.The performance boost is about 15% for some operations for C Extension, pure Python implementation have got a visible (15% - 230%) speedup as well.
Related issues and pull requests on GitHub: :issue:`1097`.
Fixed a crash when extending a multidict from multidict proxy if C Extensions were used.
Related issues and pull requests on GitHub: :issue:`1100`.
Implemented a custom parser for
METH_FASTCALL | METH_KEYWORDSprotocol -- by :user:`asvetlov`.The patch re-enables fast call protocol in the :py:mod:`multidict` C Extension.
Speedup is about 25%-30% for the library benchmarks for Python 3.12+.
Related issues and pull requests on GitHub: :issue:`1070`.
The C-extension no longer pre-allocates a Python exception object in lookup-related methods of :py:class:`~multidict.MultiDict` when the passed-in key is not found but default value is provided.
Namely, this affects :py:meth:`MultiDict.getone() <multidict.MultiDict.getone>`, :py:meth:`MultiDict.getall() <multidict.MultiDict.getall>`, :py:meth:`MultiDict.get() <multidict.MultiDict.get>`, :py:meth:`MultiDict.pop() <multidict.MultiDict.pop>`, :py:meth:`MultiDict.popone() <multidict.MultiDict.popone>`, and :py:meth:`MultiDict.popall() <multidict.MultiDict.popall>`.
Additionally, the :py:class:`~multidict.MultiDict` comparison with regular :py:class:`dict`ionaries is now about 60% faster on Python 3.13+ in the fallback-to-default case.
Related issues and pull requests on GitHub: :issue:`1078`.
Implemented
__repr__()for C Extension classes in C.The speedup is about 2.5 times.
Related issues and pull requests on GitHub: :issue:`1081`.
Made C version of :class:`multidict.istr` pickleable.
Related issues and pull requests on GitHub: :issue:`1098`.
Optimized multidict creation and extending / updating if C Extensions are used.
The speedup is between 25% and 70% depending on the usage scenario.
Related issues and pull requests on GitHub: :issue:`1101`.
:meth:`multidict.MultiDict.popitem` is changed to remove the latest entry instead of the first.
It gives O(1) amortized complexity.
The standard :meth:`dict.popitem` removes the last entry also.
Related issues and pull requests on GitHub: :issue:`1105`.
Started running benchmarks for the pure Python implementation in addition to the C implementation -- by :user:`bdraco`.
Related issues and pull requests on GitHub: :issue:`1092`.
The the project-wide Codecov metric is no longer reported via GitHub Checks API. The combined value is not very useful because one of the sources (MyPy) cannot reach 100% with the current state of the ecosystem. We may want to reconsider in the future. Instead, we now have two separate “runtime coverage” metrics for library code and tests. They are to be kept at 100% at all times. And the “type coverage” metric will remain advisory, at a lower threshold.
The default patch metric check is renamed to “runtime” to better reflect its semantics. This one will also require 100% coverage. Another “typing” patch coverage metric is now reported alongside it. It's considered advisory, just like its project counterpart.
When looking at Codecov, one will likely want to look at MyPy and pytest flags separately. It is usually best to avoid looking at the PR pages that sometimes display combined coverage incorrectly.
The change additionally disables the deprecated GitHub Annotations integration in Codecov.
Finally, the badge coloring range now starts at 100%.
-- by :user:`webknjaz`
Related issues and pull requests on GitHub: :issue:`1093`.
Synchronized :file:`pythoncapi_compat.h` with the latest available version.
Related issues and pull requests on GitHub: :issue:`1063`.
Moved registering ABCs for C Extension classes from C to Python.
Related issues and pull requests on GitHub: :issue:`1083`.
Refactored the internal
pair_listimplementation.Related issues and pull requests on GitHub: :issue:`1084`.
Implemented views comparison and disjoints in C instead of Python helpers.
The performance boost is about 40%.
Related issues and pull requests on GitHub: :issue:`1096`.
(2025-03-17)
Fixed
inchecks throwing an exception instead of returning :data:`False` when testing non-strings.Related issues and pull requests on GitHub: :issue:`1045`.
Fixed a leak when the last accessed module in
PyInit__multidict()init is not released.Related issues and pull requests on GitHub: :issue:`1061`.
Implemented support for the free-threaded build of CPython 3.13 -- by :user:`lysnikolaou`.
Related issues and pull requests on GitHub: :issue:`1015`.
Started publishing wheels made for the free-threaded build of CPython 3.13 -- by :user:`lysnikolaou`.
Related issues and pull requests on GitHub: :issue:`1015`.
Used stricter typing across the code base, resulting in improved typing accuracy across multidict classes. Funded by an
NLnetgrant.Related issues and pull requests on GitHub: :issue:`1046`.
Covered the unreachable code path in
multidict._multidict_base._abc_itemsview_register()with typing -- by :user:`skinnyBat`.Related issues and pull requests on GitHub: :issue:`928`.
Added support for Python 3.13 -- by :user:`bdraco`.
Related issues and pull requests on GitHub: :issue:`1002`.
Removed Python 3.7 support -- by :user:`bdraco`.
Related issues and pull requests on GitHub: :issue:`997`.
Added tests to have full code coverage of the
multidict._multidict_base._viewbaseset_richcmp()function -- by :user:`skinnyBat`.Related issues and pull requests on GitHub: :issue:`928`.
The deprecated
::set-outputworkflow command has been replaced by the$GITHUB_OUTPUTenvironment variable in the GitHub Actions CI/CD workflow definition.Related issues and pull requests on GitHub: :issue:`940`.
codecov-action has been temporarily downgraded to
v3in the GitHub Actions CI/CD workflow definitions in order to fix uploading coverage to Codecov. See this issue for more details.Related issues and pull requests on GitHub: :issue:`941`.
In the GitHub Actions CI/CD workflow definition, the
Get pip cache dirstep has been fixed for Windows runners by addingshell: bash. See actions/runner#2224 for more details.Related issues and pull requests on GitHub: :issue:`942`.
Interpolation of the
pipcache keys has been fixed by adding missing$syntax in the GitHub Actions CI/CD workflow definition.Related issues and pull requests on GitHub: :issue:`943`.
Upgraded the C-API macros that have been deprecated in Python 3.9 and later removed in 3.13 -- by :user:`iemelyanov`.
Related issues and pull requests on GitHub: :issue:`862`, :issue:`864`, :issue:`868`, :issue:`898`.
Reverted to using the public argument parsing API :c:func:`PyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywords` under Python 3.12 -- by :user:`charles-dyfis-net` and :user:`webknjaz`.
The effect is that this change prevents build failures with clang 16.9.6 and gcc-14 reported in :issue:`926`. It also fixes a segmentation fault crash caused by passing keyword arguments to :py:meth:`MultiDict.getall() <multidict.MultiDict.getall>` discovered by :user:`jonaslb` and :user:`hroncok` while examining the problem.
Related issues and pull requests on GitHub: :issue:`862`, :issue:`909`, :issue:`926`, :issue:`929`.
Fixed a
SystemError: null argument to internal routineerror on aMultiDict.items().isdisjoint()call when using C Extensions.Related issues and pull requests on GitHub: :issue:`927`.
On the Contributing docs page, a link to the
Towncrier philosophyhas been fixed.Related issues and pull requests on GitHub: :issue:`911`.
Stopped marking all files as installable package data -- by :user:`webknjaz`.
This change helps
setuptoolsunderstand that C-headers are not to be installed under :file:`lib/python3.{x}/site-packages/`.Related commits on GitHub: :commit:`31e1170`.
Started publishing pure-python wheels to be installed as a fallback -- by :user:`webknjaz`.
Related commits on GitHub: :commit:`7ba0e72`.
Switched from
setuptools' legacy backend (setuptools.build_meta:__legacy__) to the modern one (setuptools.build_meta) by actually specifying the the[build-system] build-backendoption in :file:`pyproject.toml` -- by :user:`Jackenmen`.Related issues and pull requests on GitHub: :issue:`802`.
Declared Python 3.12 supported officially in the distribution package metadata -- by :user:`hugovk`.
Related issues and pull requests on GitHub: :issue:`877`.
The test framework has been refactored. In the previous state, the circular imports reported in :issue:`837` caused the C-extension tests to be skipped.
Now, there is a set of the
pytestfixtures that is set up in a parametrized manner allowing to have a consistent way of accessing mirroredmultidictimplementations across all the tests.This change also implemented a pair of CLI flags (
--c-extensions/--no-c-extensions) that allow to explicitly request deselecting the tests running against the C-extension.-- by :user:`webknjaz`.
Related issues and pull requests on GitHub: :issue:`98`, :issue:`837`, :issue:`915`.
Updated the test pins lockfile used in the
cibuildwheeltest stage -- by :user:`hoodmane`.Related issues and pull requests on GitHub: :issue:`827`.
Added an explicit
voidfor arguments in C-function signatures which addresses the following compiler warning:warning: a function declaration without a prototype is deprecated in all versions of C [-Wstrict-prototypes]-- by :user:`hoodmane`
Related issues and pull requests on GitHub: :issue:`828`.
An experimental Python 3.13 job now runs in the CI -- :user:`webknjaz`.
Related issues and pull requests on GitHub: :issue:`920`.
Added test coverage for the :ref:`and <python:and>`, :ref:`or <python:or>`, :py:obj:`sub <python:object.__sub__>`, and :py:obj:`xor <python:object.__xor__>` operators in the :file:`multidict/_multidict_base.py` module. It also covers :py:data:`NotImplemented` and ":py:class:`~typing.Iterable`-but-not-:py:class:`~typing.Set`" cases there.
-- by :user:`a5r0n`
Related issues and pull requests on GitHub: :issue:`936`.
The version of pytest is now capped below 8, when running MyPy against Python 3.7. This pytest release dropped support for said runtime.
Related issues and pull requests on GitHub: :issue:`937`.
- Fixed a type annotations regression introduced in v6.0.2 under Python versions <3.10. It was caused by importing certain types only available in newer versions. (:issue:`798`)
- Declared the official support for Python 3.11 — by :user:`mlegner`. (:issue:`872`)
- Revert :issue:`644`, restore type annotations to as-of 5.2.0 version. (:issue:`688`)
Restored back
MultiDict,CIMultiDict,MultiDictProxy, andCIMutiDictProxygeneric type arguments; they are parameterized by value type, but the key type is fixed by container class.MultiDict[int]meansMutableMultiMapping[str, int]. The key type ofMultiDictis alwaysstr, while all str-like keys are accepted by API and converted tostrinternally.The same is true for
CIMultiDict[int]which meansMutableMultiMapping[istr, int]. str-like keys are accepted but converted toistrinternally. (:issue:`682`)
Use
METH_FASTCALLwhere it makes sense.MultiDict.add()is 2.2 times faster now,CIMultiDict.add()is 1.5 times faster. The same boost is applied toget*(),setdefault(), andpop*()methods. (:issue:`681`)
- Fixed type annotations for keys of multidict mapping classes. (:issue:`644`)
- Support Multidict[int] for pure-python version.
__class_getitem__is already provided by C Extension, making it work with the pure-extension too. (:issue:`678`)
- Dropped Python 3.6 support (:issue:`680`)
- Added support Python 3.10
- Started shipping platform-specific wheels with the
musltag targeting typical Alpine Linux runtimes. - Started shipping platform-specific arm64 wheels for Apple Silicon. (:issue:`629`)
- Fixed pure-python implementation that used to raise "Dictionary changed during iteration" error when iterated view (
.keys(),.values()or.items()) was created before the dictionary's content change. (:issue:`620`)
- Supported
GenericAliases(MultiDict[str]) for Python 3.9+ :issue:`553`
- Synchronized the declared supported Python versions in
setup.pywith actually supported and tested ones. :issue:`552`
- Provided x86 Windows wheels :issue:`550`
- Provided wheels for
aarch64,i686,ppc64le,s390xarchitectures on Linux as well asx86_64. :issue:`500` - Provided wheels for Python 3.9. :issue:`534`
- Dropped Python 3.5 support; Python 3.6 is the minimal supported Python version.