update to minimum Node version of >= 24.12.0

[thescientist13]

Motivation

As Node 24 moves into Active LTS, Node 22 will go out of maintenance by this time next years
https://nodejs.org/en/about/previous-releases

However, in particular for #1563 , we adopted a polyfill for now to support the transition from Node 22 -> 24 since URLPattern had not been backported at this time, and serverless hosting providers are still working on support for Node24, so this didn't feel like the right time to force the cutover.

Technical Design

1. Should bump to >= 24.12.0 since that is the first LTS with stable TypeScript type-stripping support
2. Bump all engines (CLI, init)
3. Remove the URLPattern polyfill
4. Update GitHub Actions (shift to 24, 26)
5. Update .nvmrc
6. Update any relevant website docs
7. Update Vercel adapter for Node versions
   • set new default to match - https://vercel.com/docs/functions/runtimes/node-js/node-js-versions
8. Update Adapter plugins to use URLPattern for extracting props per feat(cli): #882 dynamic SSR and API routing #1563
9. SST is waiting on Node 24 support
   • feat(aws): add support for Node.js 24.x runtime anomalyco/sst#6243
   • chore: upgrade pulumi to 3.210.0 anomalyco/sst#5944

Additional Context

We should at least make sure to do this prior to the 1.0 release since this would be a breaking change.

Also, for Netlify (at least right now) an environment variable is required for Node 24 support - #1533 (comment)