Improve linting in `pgscatalog.core`

Different linting rules are applied across `core` and `calc` (see `pyproject.toml`). We should be consistent but `core` has ~200 small errors. `calc` is in pretty good shape. 

## Ruff

Enable extended rulesets

## Mypy 

Check and remove any lines with:

```
# mypy: ignore-errors
@no_type_check
```

And fix the errors.