refactor(bay): replace deprecated datetime.utcnow() with utils.utcnow()

Mechanical migration across all models, managers, services, and tests.
No logic changes — only import source changes.

Files updated:
- Models: cargo, sandbox, session, idempotency, skill
- Managers: session, cargo, sandbox
- Services: gc tasks, idempotency, skills
- API: sandboxes
- Tests: sandbox_containers, gc_tasks, idempotency,
  browser_learning_scheduler, cargo_manager, sandbox_manager

Author: w31r4

pkgs/bay/app/api/v1/sandboxes.py

@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@
 from app.models.sandbox import Sandbox, SandboxStatus
 from app.models.session import Session
 from app.router.capability.adapter_pool import default_adapter_pool
+from app.utils.datetime import utcnow
 
 router = APIRouter()
 _log = structlog.get_logger()
@@ -85,7 +86,7 @@ def _sandbox_to_response(
     containers: list[ContainerRuntimeResponse] | None = None,
 ) -> SandboxResponse:
     """Convert Sandbox model to API response."""
-    now = datetime.utcnow()
+    now = utcnow()
     return _sandbox_to_response_at_time(
         sandbox,
         now=now,
@@ -359,7 +360,7 @@ async def list_sandboxes(
         cursor=cursor,
     )
 
-    now = datetime.utcnow()
+    now = utcnow()
     items = [
         _sandbox_to_response_at_time(
             item.sandbox,

pkgs/bay/app/managers/cargo/cargo.py

@@ -6,7 +6,6 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 import uuid
-from datetime import datetime
 
 import structlog
 from sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio import AsyncSession
@@ -15,8 +14,9 @@
 from app.config import get_settings
 from app.drivers.base import Driver
 from app.errors import ConflictError, NotFoundError
-from app.models.sandbox import Sandbox
 from app.models.cargo import Cargo
+from app.models.sandbox import Sandbox
+from app.utils.datetime import utcnow
 
 logger = structlog.get_logger()
 
@@ -78,8 +78,8 @@ async def create(
             managed=managed,
             managed_by_sandbox_id=managed_by_sandbox_id,
             size_limit_mb=size_limit_mb or self._settings.cargo.default_size_limit_mb,
-            created_at=datetime.utcnow(),
-            last_accessed_at=datetime.utcnow(),
+            created_at=utcnow(),
+            last_accessed_at=utcnow(),
         )
 
         self._db.add(cargo)
@@ -131,7 +131,8 @@ async def list(
 
         Args:
             owner: Owner identifier
-            managed: Filter by managed status (None = all, True = managed only, False = external only)
+            managed: Filter by managed status
+                (None = all, True = managed only, False = external only)
             limit: Maximum number of results
             cursor: Pagination cursor
 
@@ -247,7 +248,7 @@ async def touch(self, cargo_id: str) -> None:
         cargo = result.scalars().first()
 
         if cargo:
-            cargo.last_accessed_at = datetime.utcnow()
+            cargo.last_accessed_at = utcnow()
             await self._db.commit()
 
     async def delete_internal_by_id(self, cargo_id: str) -> None:

pkgs/bay/app/managers/sandbox/sandbox.py

@@ -9,8 +9,8 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 import uuid
-from datetime import datetime, timedelta
 from dataclasses import dataclass
+from datetime import timedelta
 from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
 
 import structlog
@@ -29,6 +29,7 @@
 from app.managers.session import SessionManager
 from app.models.sandbox import Sandbox, SandboxStatus
 from app.models.session import Session
+from app.utils.datetime import utcnow
 
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
     from app.drivers.base import Driver
@@ -107,7 +108,7 @@ async def create(
         # Calculate expiry
         expires_at = None
         if ttl and ttl > 0:
-            expires_at = datetime.utcnow() + timedelta(seconds=ttl)
+            expires_at = utcnow() + timedelta(seconds=ttl)
 
         # Create sandbox
         sandbox = Sandbox(
@@ -116,8 +117,8 @@ async def create(
             profile_id=profile_id,
             cargo_id=cargo.id,
             expires_at=expires_at,
-            created_at=datetime.utcnow(),
-            last_active_at=datetime.utcnow(),
+            created_at=utcnow(),
+            last_active_at=utcnow(),
         )
 
         self._db.add(sandbox)
@@ -172,7 +173,7 @@ async def list(
         Returns:
             Tuple of (sandboxes, next_cursor)
         """
-        now = datetime.utcnow()
+        now = utcnow()
         scan_cursor = cursor
 
         # Limit per-call scanning so rare filters don't force unbounded work.
@@ -229,7 +230,8 @@ async def list(
                     if len(returned) >= limit:
                         # Cursor is the last scanned sandbox_id at the point we reached the limit.
                         next_cursor = sandbox.id
-                        # Match CargoManager cursor semantics: only return cursor if there may be more.
+                        # Match CargoManager cursor semantics:
+                        # only return cursor if there may be more.
                         has_more_result = await self._db.execute(
                             select(Sandbox.id)
                             .where(
@@ -318,10 +320,10 @@ async def ensure_running(self, sandbox: Sandbox) -> Session:
             )
 
             # Update idle timeout
-            locked_sandbox.idle_expires_at = datetime.utcnow() + timedelta(
+            locked_sandbox.idle_expires_at = utcnow() + timedelta(
                 seconds=profile.idle_timeout
             )
-            locked_sandbox.last_active_at = datetime.utcnow()
+            locked_sandbox.last_active_at = utcnow()
             await self._db.commit()
 
             return session
@@ -377,7 +379,7 @@ async def extend_ttl(
                     }
                 )
 
-            now = datetime.utcnow()
+            now = utcnow()
             if old < now:
                 raise SandboxExpiredError(
                     details={
@@ -410,9 +412,9 @@ async def keepalive(self, sandbox: Sandbox) -> None:
 
         profile = self._settings.get_profile(sandbox.profile_id)
         if profile:
-            sandbox.idle_expires_at = datetime.utcnow() + timedelta(seconds=profile.idle_timeout)
+            sandbox.idle_expires_at = utcnow() + timedelta(seconds=profile.idle_timeout)
 
-        sandbox.last_active_at = datetime.utcnow()
+        sandbox.last_active_at = utcnow()
         await self._db.commit()
 
     async def stop(self, sandbox: Sandbox) -> None:
@@ -500,7 +502,7 @@ async def delete(self, sandbox: Sandbox) -> None:
             cargo = await self._cargo_mgr.get_by_id(cargo_id)
 
             # Soft delete sandbox
-            locked_sandbox.deleted_at = datetime.utcnow()
+            locked_sandbox.deleted_at = utcnow()
             locked_sandbox.current_session_id = None
             await self._db.commit()
 

pkgs/bay/app/managers/session/session.py

@@ -14,7 +14,6 @@
 
 import asyncio
 import uuid
-from datetime import datetime
 
 import httpx
 import structlog
@@ -27,6 +26,7 @@
 from app.models.cargo import Cargo
 from app.models.session import Session, SessionStatus
 from app.services.http import http_client_manager
+from app.utils.datetime import utcnow
 
 logger = structlog.get_logger()
 
@@ -79,8 +79,8 @@ async def create(
             profile_id=profile.id,
             desired_state=SessionStatus.PENDING,
             observed_state=SessionStatus.PENDING,
-            created_at=datetime.utcnow(),
-            last_active_at=datetime.utcnow(),
+            created_at=utcnow(),
+            last_active_at=utcnow(),
         )
 
         self._db.add(session)
@@ -180,7 +180,7 @@ async def _ensure_running_single(
                     error=str(e),
                 )
                 session.observed_state = SessionStatus.FAILED
-                session.last_observed_at = datetime.utcnow()
+                session.last_observed_at = utcnow()
                 await self._db.commit()
                 raise
 
@@ -211,7 +211,7 @@ async def _ensure_running_single(
                 # Only persist endpoint after readiness succeeds.
                 session.endpoint = endpoint
                 session.observed_state = SessionStatus.RUNNING
-                session.last_observed_at = datetime.utcnow()
+                session.last_observed_at = utcnow()
                 await self._db.commit()
 
             except Exception as e:
@@ -235,7 +235,7 @@ async def _ensure_running_single(
                 session.container_id = None
                 session.endpoint = None
                 session.observed_state = SessionStatus.FAILED
-                session.last_observed_at = datetime.utcnow()
+                session.last_observed_at = utcnow()
                 await self._db.commit()
                 raise
 
@@ -316,7 +316,7 @@ async def _ensure_running_multi(
                 session.endpoint = primary_info.endpoint
                 session.containers = [ci.to_dict() for ci in container_infos]
                 session.observed_state = SessionStatus.RUNNING
-                session.last_observed_at = datetime.utcnow()
+                session.last_observed_at = utcnow()
                 await self._db.commit()
 
                 self._log.info(
@@ -356,7 +356,7 @@ async def _ensure_running_multi(
                 session.endpoint = None
                 session.containers = None
                 session.observed_state = SessionStatus.FAILED
-                session.last_observed_at = datetime.utcnow()
+                session.last_observed_at = utcnow()
                 await self._db.commit()
                 raise
 
@@ -628,7 +628,7 @@ async def stop(self, session: Session) -> None:
         session.observed_state = SessionStatus.STOPPED
         session.endpoint = None
         session.containers = None
-        session.last_observed_at = datetime.utcnow()
+        session.last_observed_at = utcnow()
         await self._db.commit()
 
     async def destroy(self, session: Session) -> None:
@@ -708,7 +708,7 @@ async def refresh_status(self, session: Session) -> Session:
             session.observed_state = SessionStatus.STOPPED
             session.container_id = None
 
-        session.last_observed_at = datetime.utcnow()
+        session.last_observed_at = utcnow()
         await self._db.commit()
 
         return session
@@ -719,7 +719,7 @@ async def touch(self, session_id: str) -> None:
         session = result.scalars().first()
 
         if session:
-            session.last_active_at = datetime.utcnow()
+            session.last_active_at = utcnow()
             await self._db.commit()
 
     async def _probe_and_recover_if_dead(
@@ -792,7 +792,7 @@ async def _probe_and_recover_if_dead(
         session.container_id = None
         session.endpoint = None
         session.observed_state = SessionStatus.PENDING
-        session.last_observed_at = datetime.utcnow()
+        session.last_observed_at = utcnow()
         await self._db.commit()
 
         self._log.info(

pkgs/bay/app/models/cargo.py

@@ -12,6 +12,8 @@
 
 from sqlmodel import Field, Relationship, SQLModel
 
+from app.utils.datetime import utcnow
+
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
     from app.models.sandbox import Sandbox
 
@@ -36,8 +38,8 @@ class Cargo(SQLModel, table=True):
     size_limit_mb: int = Field(default=1024)
 
     # Timestamps
-    created_at: datetime = Field(default_factory=datetime.utcnow)
-    last_accessed_at: datetime = Field(default_factory=datetime.utcnow)
+    created_at: datetime = Field(default_factory=utcnow)
+    last_accessed_at: datetime = Field(default_factory=utcnow)
 
     # Relationships
     sandboxes: list["Sandbox"] = Relationship(back_populates="cargo")

pkgs/bay/app/models/idempotency.py

@@ -10,6 +10,8 @@
 
 from sqlmodel import Field, SQLModel
 
+from app.utils.datetime import utcnow
+
 
 class IdempotencyKey(SQLModel, table=True):
     """Idempotency key for POST operations."""
@@ -28,9 +30,9 @@ class IdempotencyKey(SQLModel, table=True):
     status_code: int = Field(default=200)
 
     # TTL
-    created_at: datetime = Field(default_factory=datetime.utcnow)
+    created_at: datetime = Field(default_factory=utcnow)
     expires_at: datetime = Field(index=True)
 
     def is_expired(self) -> bool:
         """Check if this idempotency key has expired."""
-        return datetime.utcnow() > self.expires_at
+        return utcnow() > self.expires_at

pkgs/bay/app/models/sandbox.py

@@ -12,6 +12,8 @@
 
 from sqlmodel import Field, Relationship, SQLModel
 
+from app.utils.datetime import utcnow
+
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
     from app.models.cargo import Cargo
     from app.models.session import Session
@@ -59,8 +61,8 @@ class Sandbox(SQLModel, table=True):
     version: int = Field(default=1)
 
     # Timestamps
-    created_at: datetime = Field(default_factory=datetime.utcnow)
-    last_active_at: datetime = Field(default_factory=datetime.utcnow)
+    created_at: datetime = Field(default_factory=utcnow)
+    last_active_at: datetime = Field(default_factory=utcnow)
 
     # Relationships
     cargo: "Cargo" = Relationship(back_populates="sandboxes")
@@ -76,7 +78,7 @@ def is_expired(self) -> bool:
         """Check if sandbox TTL has expired."""
         if self.expires_at is None:
             return False
-        return datetime.utcnow() > self.expires_at
+        return utcnow() > self.expires_at
 
     def compute_status(
         self,

pkgs/bay/app/models/session.py

@@ -16,6 +16,8 @@
 from sqlalchemy import Column
 from sqlmodel import Field, Relationship, SQLModel
 
+from app.utils.datetime import utcnow
+
 try:
     from sqlalchemy import JSON
 except ImportError:
@@ -87,8 +89,8 @@ class Session(SQLModel, table=True):
     last_observed_at: Optional[datetime] = Field(default=None)
 
     # Timestamps
-    created_at: datetime = Field(default_factory=datetime.utcnow)
-    last_active_at: datetime = Field(default_factory=datetime.utcnow)
+    created_at: datetime = Field(default_factory=utcnow)
+    last_active_at: datetime = Field(default_factory=utcnow)
 
     # Relationships
     sandbox: "Sandbox" = Relationship(back_populates="sessions")